Lesson 22: Nucleic Acids and Nucleotides

1- Lesson 01: Cell Biology Techniques 2- Lesson 02: Microscopy - Resolution and Magnification 3- Lesson 03: Graticule, Micrometer, and Micrometry 4- Lesson 04: Cell Wall - Composition and Significance 5- Lesson 05: Plasma Membrane - Composition and Function 6- Lesson 06: Cytoplasm - Nature and Metabolic Roles 7- Lesson 07: Endoplasmic Reticulum - Types and Functions 8- Lesson 08: Ribosomes - Structure and Function 9- Lesson 09: Golgi Complex 10- Lesson 10: Peroxisomes and Glyoxysomes 11- Lesson 11: Lysosomes - Formation and Function 12- Lesson 12: Mitochondria and Chloroplasts - Structures and Functions 13- Lesson 13: Centrioles and Cytoskeleton 14- Lesson 14: Cilia and Flagella - Movement Mechanisms 15- Lesson 15: Nuclear Envelope and Nucleoplasm 16- Lesson 16: Chromosomes and Prokaryotic Cell Structure 17- Lesson 01: Introduction to Biochemistry 18- Lesson 02: The Four Fundamental Kinds of Biological Molecules 19- Lesson 03: Dehydration-Synthesis and Hydrolysis Reactions 20- Lesson 04: The Properties of Water 21- Lesson 05: Carbohydrates 22- Lesson 06: Monosaccharides 23- Lesson 07: Isomers and Stereoisomers of Glucose 24- Lesson 08: Disaccharides 25- Lesson 09: Polysaccharides 26- Lesson 10: Laboratory-Manufactured Sweeteners 27- Lesson 11: Proteins 28- Lesson 12: Amino Acids 29- Lesson 13: Peptide Linkages 30- Lesson 14: The Significance of the Sequence of Amino Acids 31- Lesson 15: Synthesis and Breakage of Peptide Linkages 32- Lesson 16: Globular and Fibrous Proteins 33- Lesson 17: Examples and Roles of Structural and Functional Proteins 34- Lesson 18: Lipids 35- Lesson 19: Properties and Roles of Acylglycerols, Phospholipids, Terpenes, and Waxes 36- Lesson 20: Molecular Structure (Making and Breaking) of an Acylglycerol, a Phospholipid, and a Terpene 37- Lesson 21: Steroids and Prostaglandins 38- Lesson 22: Nucleic Acids and Nucleotides 39- Lesson 23: Molecular Level Structure of a Nucleotide 40- Lesson 24: Nitrogenous Bases Found in the Nucleotides of Nucleic Acids 41- Lesson 25: Mononucleotide (ATP) and Dinucleotide (NAD) 42- Lesson 26: Formation of Phosphodiester Bond 43- Lesson 27: The Double Helical Structure of DNA as Proposed by Watson and Crick 44- Lesson 28: Gene as a Sequence of Nucleotides as Part of DNA, Which Codes for the Formation of a Polypeptide 45- Lesson 29: General Structure of RNA 46- Lesson 30: Three Types of RNA 47- Lesson 31: Conjugated Molecules 48- Lesson 01: Structure of Enzymes 49- Lesson 02: Role and Component Parts of the Active Site of an Enzyme 50- Lesson 03: Types of Cofactors 51- Lesson 04: Enzyme Action through Induced Fit Model 52- Lesson 05: How Enzymes Catalyze Specific Reactions 53- Lesson 06: Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Action 54- Lesson 07: Effect of pH on Enzyme Action 55- Lesson 08: Effect of Enzyme Concentration on Enzyme Action 56- Lesson 09: Effect of Substrate Concentration on Enzyme Action 57- Lesson 10: Enzymatic Inhibition 58- Lesson 01: Introduction to Photosynthesis 59- Lesson 02: Photosynthetic Pigments and Light Absorption 60- Lesson 03: Raw Materials of Photosynthesis 61- Lesson 04: Mechanisms of Photosynthesis 62- Lesson 05: The Calvin Cycle 63- Lesson 06: Anaerobic Respiration and Glycolysis 64- Lesson 07: Pyruvate Conversion and Krebs Cycle 65- Lesson 08: Electron Transport and Chemiosmosis 66- Lesson 09: Substrate-Level Phosphorylation 67- Lesson 10: Cellular Respiration of Proteins and Fats 68- Lesson 11: Understanding Photorespiration 69- Lesson 12: Temperature Effects on RuBP Carboxylase 70- Lesson 13: C4 Photosynthesis 71- Lesson 14: Comparative Study of Photosynthetic Processes 72- Lesson 01: The Nature of Viruses 73- Lesson 02: Structure of Viruses 74- Lesson 03: Viral Life Cycle and Host Dependency 75- Lesson 04: Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles 76- Lesson 05:The Life Cycle of HIV 77- Lesson 06: Viral Diseases and Their Impact 78- Lesson 07: Structure and Impact of Prions and Viroids 79- Lesson 08: Virus-Host Interaction and Immune Evasion 80- Lesson 09: Viral Survival and Transmission 81- Lesson 10: Control Measures Against Viral Transmission 82- Lesson 01: Taxonomy of Prokaryotes 83- Lesson 02: Unique Features of Archaea 84- Lesson 03: Bacterial Habitats and Diversity 85- Lesson 04: Bacterial Cell Structure and Composition 86- Lesson 05: Bacterial Endospores and Motility 87- Lesson 06: Bacterial Genomic Organization 88- Lesson 07: Bacterial Nutrition and Energy 89- Lesson 08: Bacterial Growth and Reproduction 90- Lesson 09: Bacteria as Recyclers and their Importance 91- Lesson 10: Bacterial Diseases in Humans 92- Lesson 11: Bacterial Diseases in Plants 93- Lesson 12: Normal Flora in Humans 94- Lesson 13: Controlling Harmful Bacteria 95- Lesson 14: Importance of Bacteria in Research and Technology 96- Lesson 01: Diversity of Protists 97- Lesson 02: Major Groups of Protists 98- Lesson 03: Importance of Protists 99- Lesson 04: Characteristics of Fungi 100- Lesson 05: Classification of Fungi 101- Lesson 06: Yeast in Baking, Brewing, and Research 102- Lesson 07: Antibiotics from Fungi 103- Lesson 08: Mutualism in Mycorrhizae and Lichens 104- Lesson 09: Edible Fungi 105- Lesson 10: Ecological Impact of Fungi in Decomposition 106- Lesson 11: Pathogenic Role of Fungi 107- Lesson 01: Evolutionary Origin of Plants 108- Lesson 02: Diagnostic Features of Plants 109- Lesson 03: Characteristics of Bryophytes 110- Lesson 04: Life Cycle of Moss 111- Lesson 05: Land Adaptations of Bryophytes 112- Lesson 06: Advantages/Uses of Bryophytes 113- Lesson 07: Characteristics of Vascular Plants 114- Lesson 08: Seedless Vascular Plants 115- Lesson 09: Evolution of the Leaf in Vascular Plants 116- Lesson 10: Life Cycle of Ferns 117- Lesson 11: Success of Vascular Plants on Land 118- Lesson 12: Importance of Seedless Vascular Plants 119- Lesson 13: Evolution of the Seed 120- Lesson 14: Characteristics and Uses of Gymnosperms 121- Lesson 15: Angiosperms: Monocots vs. Dicots 122- Lesson 16: Life Cycle of a Flowering Plant 123- Lesson 17: Adaptations of Angiosperms on Land 124- Lesson 18: Inflorescence in Flowering Plants 125- Lesson 19: Significance of Angiosperms for Humans 126- Lesson 01: General Characteristics of Animals 127- Lesson 02: Classification of Animals Based on Tissues 128- Lesson 03: Diploblastic and Triploblastic Organization 129- Lesson 04: Types of Symmetry in Animals 130- Lesson 05: Pseudocoelomates, Acoelomates, and Coelomates 131- Lesson 06: Coelomates: Protostomes and Deuterostomes 132- Lesson 07: Characteristics of Various Animal Phyla 133- Lesson 08: Evolutionary Adaptations in Animal Phyla 134- Lesson 09: Invertebrate Chordates and Vertebrates 135- Lesson 10: Diagnostic Characteristics of Fishes 136- Lesson 11: General Characteristics of Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals 137- Lesson 12: Monotremes, Marsupials, and Placentals 138- Lesson 13: Evolutionary Adaptations in Vertebrates 139- Lesson 14: Animal Body Plans and Development 140- Lesson 15: Animal Locomotion and Behavior 141- Lesson 16: Animal Nutrition and Digestive Systems 142- Lesson 17: Animal Reproductive Systems 143- Lesson 18: Animal Sensory Systems and Neurobiology 144- Lesson 01: Plant Nutrients - Macro and Micronutrients 145- Lesson 02: Carnivorous Plants 146- Lesson 03: Role of Stomata and Palisade Tissue in Gas Exchange 147- Lesson 04: Transpiration and Gas Exchange in Plants 148- Lesson 05: Structure and Function of Plant Vascular Tissue 149- Lesson 06: Movement of Water in Plants - Water Potential 150- Lesson 07: Water Movement through Roots 151- Lesson 08: Water Movement in Xylem - TACT Mechanism 152- Lesson 09: Opening and Closing of Stomata 153- Lesson 10: Movement of Sugars in Plants 154- Lesson 11: Osmotic Adjustment 155- Lesson 12: Water Movement in Different Tonic Conditions 156- Lesson 13: Osmotic Adjustments in Different Plant Types 157- Lesson 14: Osmotic Adjustments in Saline Soils 158- Lesson 15: Adaptations to Temperature Extremes 159- Lesson 16: Turgor Pressure in Herbaceous Plants 160- Lesson 17: Supporting Tissues in Plants 161- Lesson 18: Plant Growth: Primary and Secondary 162- Lesson 19: Role of Meristems in Plant Growth 163- Lesson 20: Formation of Annual Rings 164- Lesson 21: Influence of Apical Meristem on Lateral Shoots 165- Lesson 22: Plant Growth Regulators 166- Lesson 23: Plant Movements 167- Lesson 24: Photoperiodism in Plants 168- Lesson 25: Mechanism of Photoperiodism 169- Lesson 26: Role of Low Temperature in Flower Production 170- Lesson 01: Digestion in the Oral Cavity 171- Lesson 02: Swallowing and Peristalsis 172- Lesson 03: Structure and Function of the Stomach 173- Lesson 04: Gastric Juice Secretion 174- Lesson 05: Digestion in the Small Intestine 175- Lesson 06: Absorption in the Small Intestine 176- Lesson 07: Structure and Function of the Large Intestine 177- Lesson 08: Control of Egestion 178- Lesson 09: Liver Functions 179- Lesson 10: Composition and Role of Bile 180- Lesson 11: Structure and Function of the Pancreas 181- Lesson 12: Secretion of Bile and Pancreatic Juice 182- Lesson 13: Digestive Disorders 183- Lesson 01: Heart Location and Role of Pericardium 184- Lesson 02: Structure of Heart Walls 185- Lesson 03: Blood Flow Through the Heart 186- Lesson 04: Phases of the Heartbeat 187- Lesson 05: Cardiac Conduction System 188- Lesson 06: Electrocardiogram (ECG) 189- Lesson 07: Structure of Blood Vessels 190- Lesson 08: Role of Arterioles 191- Lesson 09: Precapillary Sphincters and Blood Flow 192- Lesson 10: Pulmonary and Systemic Circulation 193- Lesson 11: Blood Flow Rates 194- Lesson 12: Blood Pressure 195- Lesson 13: Regulation of Blood Pressure 196- Lesson 14: Thrombosis and Embolism 197- Lesson 01: Skin as a Barrier Against Microbes 198- Lesson 02: Role of Oil and Sweat Glands 199- Lesson 03: Digestive Tract Acids and Enzymes 200- Lesson 04: Respiratory Tract Defenses 201- Lesson 05: Macrophages and Neutrophils 202- Lesson 06: Natural Killer (NK) Cells 203- Lesson 07: Complement System and Interferons 204- Lesson 08: Inflammatory Response 205- Lesson 09: Pyrogens and Fever 206- Lesson 10: Specific Immune Defense 207- Lesson 11: Types of Immunity 208- Lesson 12: T-Cells, B-Cells, and Antibodies